INDRANEEL BHATTACHARYYA, DDS, MSD D ONALD M. COHEN, DMD, MS, MBA S OL SILVERMAN JR., DDS, MS
▼ HEREDITARY WHITE LESIONS
Leukoedema White Sponge Nevus Hereditary Benign Intraepithelial Dyskeratosis Dyskeratosis Congenita
▼ HEREDITARY WHITE LESIONS
Leukoedema White Sponge Nevus Hereditary Benign Intraepithelial Dyskeratosis Dyskeratosis Congenita
▼ REACTIVE/INFLAMMATORY WHITE LESIONS
Linea Alba (White Line) Frictional (Traumatic) Keratosis Cheek Chewing Chemical Injuries of the Oral Mucosa Actinic Keratosis (Cheilitis) Smokeless Tobacco–Induced Keratosis Nicotine Stomatitis Sanguinaria-Induced Leukoplakia
▼ INFECTIOUS WHITE LESIONS AND WHITE AND RED LESIONS
Oral Hairy Leukoplakia Candidiasis Mucous Patches Parulis
▼ IDIOPATHIC “TRUE” LEUKOPLAKIA
Etiology Clinical Features Varieties Histopathologic Features Diagnosis and Management Prognosis
▼ BOWEN’S DISEASE ▼ ERYTHROPLAKIA
Clinical Features Histopathologic Features Differential Diagnosis Treatment and Prognosis
▼ ORAL LICHEN PLANUS
Etiology and Diagnosis Clinical Features Histopathologic Features Immunofluorescent Studies Differential Diagnosis Clinical Course and Prognosis Treatment
▼ LICHENOID REACTIONS
Drug-Induced Lichenoid Reactions Graft-versus-Host Disease
▼ LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SYSTEMIC AND DISCOID)
Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Treatment Histopathologic Features Malignant Potential, Importance, and Scope of Oral Lesions
▼ DEVELOPMENTAL WHITE LESIONS: ECTOPIC LYMPHOID TISSUE
▼ FORDYCE’S GRANULES
Features Treatment
▼ GINGIVAL AND PALATAL CYSTS OF THE NEWBORN AND ADULT
Features in the Newborn Features in the Adult
▼ MISCELLANEOUS LESIONS
Geographic Tongue Hairy Tongue (Black Hairy Tongue) Oral Submucous Fibrosis Any condition that increases the thickness of the epithelium causes it to appear white by increasing the distance to the vascular bed. Lesions most often appear white because of a thickening of the keratin layer, or hyperkeratosis. Other common causes of a white appearance include acanthosis (a thickening of the spinous cell layer), an increase in the amount of edema fluid in the epithelium (ie, leukoedema), and reduced vascularity in the underlying lamina propria. Surface ulcerations covered by a fibrin cap can also appear white, as would collapsed bullae. (These latter two types of lesions are covered in Chapter 4, “Ulcerative, Vesicular, and Bullous Lesions.”)